Panama Disease (Fusarium Wilt of Banana)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Tropical Race 4, Race 1)
Overview
A devastating soil-borne fungal disease of bananas that destroyed the Gros Michel banana industry in the mid-20th century. A new race (Tropical Race 4) now threatens Cavendish bananas worldwide.
Symptoms
Yellowing and wilting of older leaves, progressing to younger leaves. Leaves collapse and hang around the pseudostem (skirt effect). Brown discoloration of vascular tissue. Splitting of pseudostem base. Plant death.
Environmental Conditions
Hot
Prevention
Plant resistant varieties. Strict biosecurity measures. Avoid moving soil from infested areas. Disinfect tools and footwear. Use tissue-cultured planting material. Quarantine measures.
Management
No effective chemical cure. Remove and destroy infected plants. Flood fallowing. Soil amendments (calcium, silicon). Biological controls (Trichoderma, Bacillus). Replant with resistant varieties.